Beta-Papillomaviruses in Cutaneous and Mucosal Carcinogenesis: Oncogenic Mechanisms, Host Cofactors, and Clinical Significance
Human papillomaviruses of the beta genus (beta-HPV) are ubiquitous components of the cutaneous virome, persistently colonizing the skin of immunocompetent individuals from early infancy. Unlike their alpha counterparts, which drive mucosal carcinogenesis through viral integration and sustained oncoprotein expression, b...