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Author

Shauban Ali Solangi

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Open access Sep 2026

Energy-Efficient Path Optimization Using A Genetic Algorithm (GA)

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have remained a hot field of research for the last three and a half decades. WSNs comprise small-sized sensors having small batteries, so energy depletion is a significant problem, resulting in a short lifetime of the WSNs. Since the WSNs work as application-centric they have the capabil...

Shauban Ali Solangi · 0 citations
Open access Oct 2026

THE SINDHI TOKEN TAX: ORTHOGRAPHIC PENALTY AND TOKENIZATION INEQUITY BETWEEN ENGLISH AND SINDHI IN LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS

Large language models (LLMs) do not read words; they read tokens, and the tokenizer decides how many tokens a language needs to say the same thing. This paper introduces the notion of a Sindhi token tax and tests it empirically for Pakistan’s English–Sindhi context. Using 1,004 parallel sentences from the FLORES-200 be...

Ali Siddiqui, Shauban Ali Solangi, Uzma Ehsan · 0 citations

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