Comparison of Antifungal Efficacy of Biosynthesized versus Chemically Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles against Candida Species: Phytochemical Surface Chemistry at the Nano-Fungal Biointerface.
Mechanistically, Fa-AgNPs delayed the onset of growth, elevated intracellular ROS in C. albicans, and induced catalase-based antioxidant defense in both species; SEM showed loss of budding cells and extracellular polymeric substances in both species, consistent with a primarily oxidative interfacial mechanism.