Cross-Scale Numerical Modelling of Water-Decking Smooth Blasting in Granite Tunnels: Coupled Parameter Regulation, Stress-Wave Interaction and Damage Evolution
Water-decking can buffer and redistribute borehole loading, but the coupled effects of axial charge segmentation, radial decoupling, and peripheral-hole spacing across scales remain insufficiently quantified. A cross-scale three-dimensional multi-material Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) framework coupled with the R...