Scientific basis of geomechanical monitoring and support design in deep gold mining
Deep-level underground gold mining is characterized by complex geomechanical conditions, particularly within tectonically disturbed zones where stress redistribution and rock mass heterogeneity significantly affect excavation stability. This study aims to develop scientific foundations for ground support design based on an integrated approach combining geomechanical monitoring, stress-strain analysis, and numerical modeling. The methodology includes in-situ measurements using acoustic emission monitoring, analytical evaluation of deformation behavior, and numerical simulations to assess stress distribution and support performance. The results indicate that conventional symmetric design approaches are insufficient for describing the highly heterogeneous and asymmetric deformation patterns observed in tectonically disturbed rock masses. The study identifies key features of stress concentration, zonal disintegration, and progressive failure mechanisms around underground excavations. Based on these findings, improved ground support design strategies are proposed, incorporating real geomechanical conditions and time-dependent deformation processes. The proposed approach enhances excavation stability, increases operational safety, and reduces unnecessary material consumption, contributing to more efficient and reliable deep-level mining operations.