Toward a Science of AI Agent Societies
AI agents are rapidly evolving from isolated personal assistants into networked actors that interact with one another at scale. We envision the emergence of AI agent societies, with their own social and economic dynamics, as a new research frontier. We argue that AI agent societies should be studied as a distinct object of inquiry: neither simply larger collections of individual agents nor merely simulations of human society. To formalize this perspective, we propose four core properties that a valid AI agent society should satisfy: individualized objectives, rules and governance, autonomy, and scale and complexity. Building on this framework, we identify four classes of societal behaviors worth studying in AI agent societies: economic behaviors, behaviors under conflict-of-interest, unsafe and unethical behaviors, and system-level behaviors. We then outline key technical challenges—including property parameterization, parameter balancing, and robust implementation—and argue that progress on these challenges could enable scientifically informative and practically useful models of AI agent societies. Finally, we revisit existing multi-agent systems through the lens of the proposed core properties, show that they instantiate only subsets of them, and discuss implications for platform design, evaluation, and governance.