Open access
Aug 2026
PD-L1 upregulated by IGF1R via the PI3K/AKT/NF-κB axis induces sorafenib resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma.
IGF1R upregulates PD-L1 via the PI3K/AKT/NF-κB axis through direct NF-κB-mediated transcriptional activation, and PD-L1 serves as a critical downstream effector driving sorafenib resistance in HCC.
Tao Zhu, Chunmei Xie, Qianqian Shao et al.
· Molecular Immunology · 0 citations