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Author

Tooba Mushtaq

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Open access Aug 2026

Prevalence and Factors Associated With Heart Failure among Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Older age, greater cumulative smoking exposure, more advanced COPD, and major cardiometabolic comorbidities were independently associated with HF, which supports consideration of concomitant cardiac disease when evaluating selected patients with COPD, particularly those with multiple cardiovascular risk factors.

Areej Bilal, M. Babar, Q. Irfan et al. · 0 citations

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