Tumor immune evasion is a fundamental biological process that enables malignant cells to survive immune surveillance, establish progressive disease, and develop resistance to anticancer therapies. Although the immune system can recognize and eliminate transformed cells, tumor evolution selects cellular populations capable of avoiding immune recognition, suppressing effector responses, modifying the tumor microenvironment, and surviving immune -mediated cytotoxicity. Contemporary evidence indicates that immune escape is a multifactorial process involving impaired antigen presentation, loss or alteration of tumor -associated antigens, activation of immune checkpoint pathways, recruitment of immunosuppressive cell populations, secretion of inhibitory cytokines, metabolic competition, hypoxia, abnormal tumor vasculature, and genetic and epigenetic remodeling. Intratumoral heterogeneity further contributes to immune escape by enabling selection of resistant subclones and limiting the effectiveness of therapies directed against individual antigens or pathways. The development of immune checkpoint inhibitors, adoptive cellular therapies, cancer vaccines, bispecific antibodies, cytokine- based approaches, and strategies targeting the tumor microenvironment has substantially expanded the therapeutic potential of antitumor immunity. Nevertheless, primary and acquired resistance remains a major clinical challenge. Current approaches increasingly focus on combination strategies designed to simul taneously restore antigen presentation, improve immune -cell trafficking, overcome immunosuppression, reverse T -cell dysfunction, and increase tumor immunogenicity. A deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying immune evasion is therefore essential fo r the development of personalized and durable immunotherapeutic approaches.
Ulykbek Daurenov, Ayaulym Sartaubai, Assiya Sherkhan et al.· International Scientific Uni...· 0 citations
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide
despite remarkable advances in prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. The rapid
development of molecular biology, precision medicine, immunotherapy, artificial
intelligence, and genomic technologies has transformed the landscape of modern
oncology, enabling more individualized and effective patient care. Recent
breakthroughs in liquid biopsy, next-generation sequencing, targeted therapies,
immune checkpoint inhibitors, and AI-assisted clinical decision-making have
significantly improved diagnostic accuracy, therapeutic efficacy, and survival
outcomes across multiple cancer types. However, numerous challenges persist,
including tumor heterogeneity, treatment resistance, immune-related adverse events,
limited accessibility to innovative therapies, high healthcare costs, and disparities in
cancer care across different regions. Furthermore, integrating multi-omics
technologies, digital pathology, and real-world evidence into routine clinical practice
requires standardized protocols and robust clinical validation. This review summarizes
the most significant advances in contemporary clinical oncology, discusses current
limitations affecting cancer management, and highlights emerging technologies that
are expected to shape the future of personalized cancer treatment. The continued
integration of genomics, AI-driven diagnostics, biomarker-guided therapies, and
multidisciplinary clinical approaches is anticipated to improve patient outcomes while
promoting precision oncology as the new standard of cancer care.
Ulykbek Daurenov, Dastan Turdykul, Dana Suyunbay et al.· International Scientific Uni...· 0 citations
Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of mortality worldwide despite
significant advances in preventive cardiology. Dyslipidemia is one of the most
important modifiable risk factors contributing to the development and progression of
atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. While statins continue to represent the
cornerstone of lipid-lowering therapy, a substantial proportion of high-risk patients fail
to achieve recommended low-density lipoprotein cholesterol targets or experience
recurrent cardiovascular events despite optimal treatment. Recent years have witnessed
remarkable progress in the development of novel lipid-lowering agents that target
different pathways of lipoprotein metabolism, offering improved efficacy and longterm
cardiovascular protection.
Emerging therapeutic strategies include proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin
type 9 (PCSK9) monoclonal antibodies, small interfering RNA (siRNA)-based
therapies such as inclisiran, adenosine triphosphate citrate lyase inhibitors represented
by bempedoic acid, and innovative approaches targeting lipoprotein(a), angiopoietinlike
protein 3, and apolipoprotein C-III. These therapies not only achieve profound
reductions in LDL-C but also address residual cardiovascular risk that persists despite
intensive statin therapy. Furthermore, advances in precision medicine, genetic
profiling, and artificial intelligence have facilitated individualized lipid management
strategies, improving patient adherence and optimizing clinical outcomes. This review
summarizes current evidence regarding novel lipid-lowering therapies, their
mechanisms of action, clinical efficacy, safety profiles, and future perspectives in the
prevention of cardiovascular diseases.
Galymzhan Qorazov, Ulykbek Daurenov, Aisulu Amirbai et al.· International Scientific Uni...· 0 citations
