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Valentin Hofmann

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#artificial intelligence Open access Oct 2026

Retrofitting language models to operate over bytes.

Recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) have largely been driven by large language models, deep neural networks that operate over discrete units called tokens. To represent text, most large language models use words or word fragments as the tokens, known as subword tokenization1. Subword tokenization obscures f...

Benjamin Minixhofer, Tyler Murray, Tomasz Limisiewicz et al. · 1 citation
#natural language process... Preprint Jan 2026

Different Demographic Cues Yield Inconsistent Conclusions About LLM Personalization and Bias

It is suggested that demographic conditioning in LLMs is not a cue-invariant category-level parameter but depends fundamentally on how identity is cued, reflecting responses to linguistic signals rather than stable demographic categories.

Manuel Tonneau, Neil K. R. Seghal, Niyati Malhotra et al. · 4 citations

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