Conceptual foundations of public management of state energy security through the prism of energy efficiency and renewable energy development
The study develops a governance-oriented conceptualization of energy security by integrating energy efficiency and renewable energy as core instruments of public management. The research was conducted in 2024–2025 using a comparative indicator-based analysis of European Union and OECD countries for the period 2015–2024. Methodologically, the study combines conceptual analysis with descriptive and comparative statistical techniques, complemented by a simplified decision-making framework that links policy instruments to governance outcomes. The results suggest that energy efficiency has become a central mechanism of demand-side regulation, reflected in a reduction of GDP energy intensity by approximately 25% in EU countries and over 20% in OECD countries. At the same time, the share of economies demonstrating decoupling between economic growth and energy consumption increased significantly, indicating a shift toward management-driven energy security. The expansion of renewable energy has contributed to the restructuring of energy supply systems, reducing dependence on imported resources and increasing system adaptability. Comparative analysis shows that differences in outcomes are associated with governance design and policy integration rather than resource availability. Overall, the findings suggest that energy security is determined by institutional coordination and policy cycle integration, where energy efficiency and renewable energy function as complementary governance instruments.