This paper studies a multi-tenant resource allocation problem in a satellite open radio access network (O-RAN) wholesale setting, where heterogeneous traffic classes share a time-varying limited satellite capacity over a finite planning horizon. We formulate a joint pricing and reserve allocation problem from a service provider perspective, where tenant-specific demand exhibits price elasticity and stochastic service requirements subject to strict service-level agreement (SLA) constraints, leading to a coupled economic and reliability-driven bottleneck. A deterministic reformulation is adopted to approximate probabilistic SLA requirements through tractable margin constraints, enabling coordinated control of horizon-wide contract prices and time-varying reserves. The resulting problem is non-convex due to interdependent decisions across tenants, time windows, and service classes. To address this, an alternating optimization (AO) scheme is developed separating pricing and allocation decisions while preserving feasibility and SLA guarantees. Numerical results show that the proposed method achieves near-optimal profit within approximately $1\%$ of a global benchmark, while reducing runtime by up to $22\times$. In contrast, considered baseline schemes incur profit losses exceeding $15\%$ or fail to satisfy SLA constraints. The proposed approach consistently maintains non-positive empirical SLA gaps and achieves up to $30\%$ higher resource utilization than a price-optimization baseline without adaptive reserve control. These results demonstrate that joint economic and resource control enables the provider to efficiently exploit scarce satellite network capacity with reliable service delivery and scalable computation.
The deployment of high-speed Uncrewed Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in 3D aerial highways necessitates robust coordination of physical flight kinematics and multi-tier network handovers. While Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) offers rapid tactical control, it lacks the zero-shot strategic reasoning required to quickly adapt to dynamic Integrated Terrestrial and Non-Terrestrial Networks (ITNTNs). Conversely, Large Language Models (LLMs) excel at semantic reasoning but suffer from high inference latency, rendering them unsuitable for real-time aerodynamic control. To bridge this gap, we propose a novel Hierarchical LLM-driven control framework. A massive cloud-based LLM deployed on a High-Altitude Platform Station (HAPS) manages slow-timescale global load balancing, while lightweight edge-LLMs on individual UAVs translate local observations into tactical sub-goals. These sub-goals guide a fast-timescale physical DRL controller to execute collision-free, handover-aware trajectories. Simulation results demonstrate that our agentic architecture significantly reduces collision rates and improves aggregate system throughput compared to existing baselines.
Zijiang Yan, Hao Zhou, W. Jaafar et al.· 0 citations
Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) allows independently developed xApps to control RAN functions through the Near-Real-Time RAN Intelligent Controller (Near-RT RIC). When xApps with conflicting objectives operate concurrently, they may issue incompatible actions that degrade network performance. This paper addresses a direct conflict in which an energy-saving (ES) xApp and a coverage/throughput-oriented (CTO) xApp request different downlink transmit-power settings for the same cell. We formulate conflict resolution as online selection of a continuous blend of the two proposals, maximizing an energy-aware utility that jointly considers throughput and power consumption. A network digital twin (NDT) predicts this utility for candidate actions before live deployment, but selecting the highest twin-predicted utility becomes ineffective when the twin drifts. We therefore propose a twin-fidelity-aware hard-switching arbiter that monitors the error between predicted and observed utilities using an exponentially weighted moving average. While the error remains below a threshold, the arbiter follows the NDT-selected action; otherwise, it switches to the best previously observed action learned online. The arbiter is lightweight, training-free, and requires no oracle knowledge of the optimal policy. System-level 5G evaluations show that it achieves the closest throughput-power trade-off to the optimum across operator energy priorities, yielding normalized utility regret of $0.017 \pm 0.006$, versus $0.159 \pm 0.052$ for a COMIX-style twin-based selector. Under severe NDT drift (10 dB), it reduces utility regret from $11.19 \pm 3.58$ to $0.55 \pm 0.25$. These results show that online twin-fidelity monitoring enables robust digital-twin-assisted xApp conflict resolution while preserving utility-aware throughput-power optimization.
Akram A. Almohammedi, Mohammed Balfaqih, Sam Darshi et al.· 0 citations
This study proposes a novel FL framework where the CF-mMIMO participants are APs, and proposes a client selection strategy that prioritizes APs based on their average received signal power, showing competitive performance compared to baseline methods, while also addressing the scalability and privacy requirements of mMTC systems.
Ali Elkeshawy, W. Jaafar, Haifa Fares et al.· IEEE Transactions on Machine...· 0 citations
Integrated Terrestrial–Non-Terrestrial Networks (ITNTN), which combine terrestrial base stations (BSs), High-Altitude Platform Stations (HAPS), and Low-Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites, are key enablers of 6G communication and edge computing (EC) services. However, energy-limited BSs, particularly HAPS and satellites, pose significant sustainability challenges under continuous operation. To address this issue, we propose an on-demand EC server activation framework integrated with intelligent task offloading across ITNTN. A joint optimization problem is formulated to maximize task offloading success while satisfying energy and quality-of-service requirements. To solve it, we propose an online Q-learning policy that adaptively manages task offloading and EC server activation without prior knowledge of traffic dynamics. Simulation results show that the proposed method achieves superior task offloading success and energy efficiency compared to online heuristic and offline metaheuristic baselines. These findings highlight the importance of energyaware On-Off EC control for sustainable ITNTN systems.
Insaf Rzig, W. Jaafar, Safwan Alfattani· International Conference on...· 0 citations