Safe host integration in islet tissue engineering for Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: emerging technologies and a constraint-guided hybrid islet framework
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) results from autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β cells and requires lifelong insulin replacement. Islet transplantation can restore endogenous insulin secretion, but donor scarcity, immune rejection, early graft loss, inadequate oxygen delivery, and fibrosis limit its application. Thi...