Restoring NAD+ pathways in brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases: roles of vitamin B3 metabolites, gut microbiota, and exercise in cognitive health
Aging and neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs) are intricately linked to a gradual deterioration in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) metabolism, compromised mitochondrial functionality, persistent inflammation, and modified gut–brain interactions. Derivatives of vitamin B3, such as niacin, nicotinamide, nicotinam...