Open access
Sep 2026
Hierarchical Multi-Objective Optimization of Multi-Stage Fast-Charging Protocols Based on a Reduced-Order Electrochemical–Thermal–Aging Model
Fast charging is critical to the wider adoption of electric vehicles, but simply increasing the charging current intensifies polarization and degradation, creating an inherent conflict between the charging speed and battery lifetime. Multi-stage charging can alleviate this conflict by redistributing the current through...
Bo-Ru Zhou, Bo Peng, Xin-Ran Ding et al.
· Energies · 0 citations