Xiao Meng

Patent Foramen Ovale: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Pathophysiology, Clinical Features, Diagnosis, and Management

Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a highly prevalent cardiac abnormality, affecting approximately 25% of the population worldwide. Although a PFO may be discovered incidentally and remain asymptomatic throughout life, it can also be a conduit for paradoxical emboli or vasoactive substances and has been associated with neur...