Acute toxicity and sublethal effects of neonicotinoid insecticides on the predatory ladybird Propylea japonica.
BACKGROUND Neonicotinoid insecticides are widely used for pest control, but their impacts on non-target natural enemies remain insufficiently characterized, particularly at sublethal concentrations. The predatory ladybird Propylea japonica is an important biological control agent in agroecosystems. Here, we evaluated t...