Author

Xin-Meng Hou

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Preprint Aug 2026

Toward Metacognitive One-Shot Indirect Prompt Injection: Strategy Abstraction Via Outcome-Conditioned Reflection

Tool-using large language model (LLM) agents are vulnerable to indirect prompt injection (IPI), in which malicious instructions embedded in external observations manipulate subsequent agent decisions and actions. Most existing adaptive attacks rely on repeatedly querying and refining against the target agent, whereas r...

Sihan Hou, Xin-Meng Hou, Zhi-Jun Zhang et al. · 0 citations

#human-computer interacti... Preprint Sep 2026

Adaptive Scaffolding Needs Contingency: An AI Tutor That Escalates and Fades on What the Learner Does

Coding assistants raise task performance, but learners plan and monitor less. Giving less away, the usual fix, conflates two things: how much work a system carries (cognitive load) and what the learner must decide before help arrives (metacognitive demand). Our principle, preserved metacognitive demand, holds the secon...

Xin-Meng Hou, Yuxuan Weng, Chin-Hsien Yeh et al. · 0 citations