Patient-Derived Organoids for Hepatobiliary Cancers: Molecular Mechanisms, Translational Applications and Precision Therapeutics.
Hepatobiliary cancers are highly heterogeneous malignant tumors, and the drug resistance frequently emerges at advanced stages. Patient-derived organoids (PDOs) are three-dimensional ex vivo cultures. They can reproduce essential biological aspects of primary tumors, and play a key role in personalized oncology. With a...