Xin-Zhe Gao

Mechanisms underlying biomaterial-regulated macrophage polarization in bone tissue engineering: From interface sensing to immune microenvironment remodeling.

Traditional biomaterials commonly trigger a foreign body reaction after implantation, leading to fibrous encapsulation and poor osseointegration. Advances in osteoimmunology have enabled contemporary tissue engineering to redefine biomaterials as active modulators of the osteoimmune microenvironment rather than as pass...