HMGB1 induces mitochondrial dysfunction through the TLR4 and RAGE pathways to promote astrocyte autophagy and PANoptosis in intracerebral hemorrhage.
BACKGROUND Secondary injury is an important factor that leads to a poor prognosis of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Programmed cell death (PCD) plays an important role in secondary injury. After ICH, hyperactivated astrocytes transition from a protective role to a proinflammatory state, releasing neurotoxic factors th...