Extracellular vesicle-mediated immune crosstalk in rheumatoid arthritis synovium: mechanistic insights and translational challenges
This mini-review examines EV biogenesis, movement across the synovial barrier, and uptake by recipient cells in RA and evaluates evidence linking EV cargo to NF-κB, MAPK, JAK-STAT, and cGAS-STING signaling; innate and adaptive immune activation; fibroblast-like synoviocyte invasion; and osteoclast differentiation.