Review
Open access
Aug 2026
Immune modulation in gastric cancer: from macrophage polarization to immunotherapy
This review synthesizes newly emerging mechanisms of TAM-mediated immunotherapy resistance, including spatial heterogeneity, stromal-vascular remodeling, and exosomal crosstalk, with the latest clinical advances in macrophage-directed immunotherapies.
Xiao-Feng Cui, Xue-Rui Wang, Nan Jiang et al.
· Frontiers in Immunology · 0 citations