Open access
Aug 2026
Energy Management Strategy for a Hybrid Commercial Vehicle Considering Road Gradient
To improve the energy efficiency of hybrid commercial vehicles under varying road gradients, this study develops a road-gradient-aware hierarchical energy management framework. An interactive multiple-model Kalman filter (IMM-KF) is employed to estimate the current road gradient by fusing information from vehicle dynam...
Cheng Lin, Jianqiang Gong, Jiachong Tu et al.
· Energies · 0 citations