Multi-Compartment Pollution Assessment of Soil Metals and Air Pollutants in Lebanon’s Bekaa Valley: Integrating Geochemistry, Remote Sensing, and Multi-Scale Spatial Analysis
This study presents the first integrated multi-compartment assessment linking soil heavy- metal contamination and satellite-derived tropospheric air pollution in Lebanon’s Bekaa Valley. Six metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) were measured in 295 agricultural topsoils using DTPA extraction—which targets the labile, bioavai...