Avian leukosis and reticuloendotheliosis viruses: biology, epidemiological risks, and the need for molecular surveillance in Kazakhstan
Background and Aim. Avian leukosis virus (ALV) and reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) induce severeimmunosuppression and neoplastic processes, increasing susceptibility to concurrent infections and causing substantial hidden economic losses. Despite active viral circulation in neighboring countries (e.g., China, Russia)...