Investigation of molecular effects of beta caryophyllene in cadmium-induced nephrotoxicity model in rats: in silico and in vivo studies.
BACKGROUND Cadmium is one of the toxic heavy metals that accumulate in the kidneys, and it can cause kidney damage by triggering oxidative stress, ER stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. β-caryophyllene (BCP) is a volatile ingredient found in various spice essential oils, known for its anti-inflammatory and strong oxyg...