Preprint
Sep 2026
Beyond QA Matching: Perturbation-Response Fingerprinting via Probability Distributions for Large Language Models
BReF is introduced, a training-free fingerprint that compares how probability distributions over four answer-option labels A/B/C/D move under controlled textual perturbations, and shows that strong pooled separation does not guarantee correct parent ranking among closely related checkpoints.
Ji-Chao Zeng, Yan-Li Chen, Han-Zhou Wu
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