Open access
Sep 2026
Substation-Constrained Bi-Level Capacity Planning of Multi-Energy Power Systems Using an Improved Whale Optimization Algorithm
Under high renewable-energy penetration, regional power systems face increasing operational variability caused by wind and photovoltaic generation. Capacity planning for multi-energy complementary systems must therefore consider both investment economy and operation-related reliability costs under practical grid-access...
Bing Yan, Hong-Liang Tian, Jun-Xian Ma et al.
· Electronics · 0 citations