Purpose This study aimed to investigate the protective effects and underlying mechanisms of Yiqi Huoxue Yangyin Decoction (YHY), a multi-herb formula composed of Astragalus membranaceus, Ligusticum chuanxiong, Pueraria lobata, Rehmannia glutinosa, and Trichosanthes kirilowii, against diabetic nephropathy (DN), focusing...