Efficient mixed culture CO2 bioacetogenesis in anaerobic membrane bioreactor: Net volatile fatty acid production, carbon mass balance, and microbial dynamics.
Biological CO2 valorization using renewable H2 provides a promising route for carbon resource circularity. However, continuous mixed-culture operation remains limited by unstable gas conversion, low volumetric acid productivity, microbial competition, and insufficient reactor-level controllability. Here, we developed a...