Review
Open access
Sep 2026
Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Probiotic Extracellular Vesicles: Mechanisms of Immune Modulation and Therapeutic Opportunities in Atopic Dermatitis
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a prevalent chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by epidermal barrier dysfunction, type 2 immune skewing, and microbiome dysbiosis. Although live probiotics can modulate the gut-skin axis, their clinical use is limited by variable efficacy and safety concerns. Probiotic extracellula...
V. Wayal, Mey-Fann Lee, Jiu-Yao Wang et al.
· Clinical reviews in allergy... · 1 citation