Coupling interfacial thermodynamics and microbial ecology drives carrier-induced microgranulation in activated sludge systems.
High-concentration powder carrier bio-fluidized bed (HPB) technology provides a promising strategy for rapid cultivation of microgranules; however, the interfacial mechanisms governing carrier-induced granulation remain poorly explored. In this study, three typical carriers (diatomite, montmorillonite, and fly ash) wer...