A Mir338-CDK8-mitochondrial axis governs lineage-specific osteogenesis and defines Runx2 pleiotropy in cranial sutures.
The paradox of Runx2 pleiotropy is resolved by bridging positional identity, mitochondrial metabolism, and miRNA-mediated regulation, offering a redefined conceptual framework for understanding developmental processes and informing precision therapeutic strategies for congenital skeletal disorders.