Effect of a Multicomponent Composite Material System on the Carbonate Attack Resistance of Tunnel Lining Concrete
Tunnel lining concrete exposed to groundwater rich in carbonate species can deteriorate under the combined action of CO2, HCO3−, and CO32−. An L9(33) orthogonal experiment evaluated the effects of the water-to-binder ratio (FA), slag powder content (FB), and composite formulation level (FC) on concrete resistance to ca...