Context-dependent roles of cGAS-STING signaling in glioblastoma: Therapeutic resistance, drug delivery, and heterogeneity-informed translation.
A heterogeneity-informed framework for patient stratification and precision immunotherapy development in GBM is proposed, and major translational challenges are highlighted, including blood-brain barrier penetration, cell-type-specific pathway activation, treatment-induced pathway remodeling, and biomarker selection.