Biochar as a rhizosphere interface engineer: integrated regulation of microenvironments, biogeochemical cycling, and plant resilience
Biochar acts as a rhizosphere interface engineer, reshaping physical, chemical, and biological gradients across the root–soil–microorganism continuum. Physically, it enhances aggregation by 13.9–18.9% and increases porosity by 8.2–41.6%, improving root penetration and creating microbial refuges. Chemically, its functio...