Interleukin-33 alleviates the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and enhances anti-programmed death ligand-1 immunotherapy efficacy in hepatocellular carcinoma.
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most lethal malignancies worldwide. The immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) and limited response to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy remain major obstacles to improving HCC prognosis. Interleukin-33 (IL33) is a multifunctional cytokine that play...