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Author

Zainal Arifin

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Open access Sep 2026

Shore-Side Collision Risk Surveillance for Autonomous Surface Vehicles Using CPA/TCPA Encounter Assessment

Autonomous surface vehicles (ASVs) require reliable encounter assessment to support remote supervision in restricted and coastal waters. This paper proposes a shore-side collision-risk surveillance approach based on Closest Point of Approach (CPA) and Time to Closest Point of Approach (TCPA). The proposed framework com...

Dedtri Anwar, Zainal Arifin, Siwi Woro Herningsih et al. · 0 citations

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