Advances in Exercise-Mediated Regulation of the Gut Microbiota via the Muscle–Gut Axis: Implications for Tumor Immunity and Treatment Responses
Three candidate muscle–gut axes are proposed: the myokine–enteroendocrine–substrate delivery–short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) axis, the exercise-associated lactate–microbial cross-feeding–propionate axis, and the muscle-derived endocrine signaling–intestinal epithelial repair–hypoxic niche axis.