Review
Open access
Aug 2026
Metal-Substituted Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles as Antimicrobial and Osteogenic Biomaterials for Hard-Tissue Applications
Overall, metal-substituted HA represents a versatile platform for infection-resistant and regenerative hard-tissue biomaterials, provided that composition, phase structure, ion release, antibacterial efficacy, and cytocompatibility are systematically co-optimized before clinical translation.
A. Alshemary, Zhishang Sun, Kai-Rui Shi et al.
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