Tungsten in Agricultural Soil Triggers Coordinated Bioenergetic Responses and Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis in Earthworms: Implications for Agricultural Soil Health
Tungsten (W) can accumulate in agricultural soils near mining, smelting, industrial, and waste-disposal sites, yet its chronic effects on beneficial soil fauna remain poorly understood. Eisenia fetida were exposed for 28 d to soil W concentrations selected with reference to agricultural contamination and toxicity ass...