Deconstructing the microbiota-gut-brain axis in multiple sclerosis: from a barrier-immune-metabolic framework to emerging therapeutics.
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic immune-mediated disease of the central nervous system characterized by progressive neuroinflammation and demyelination. Increasing evidence suggests that the gut microbiota contributes to MS pathogenesis through bidirectional gut-brain interactions; however, the underlyin...