Open-ended discovery requires learning from repeated attempts while continuing to explore directions whose value is not yet apparent. Search with a frozen large language model (LLM) can reuse previous solutions in context, but cannot update the model from its successes and failures on the test problem. Reinforcement le...
Tao Feng, Fangxu Yu, Zi-Jie Lei et al.
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This framework connects generative ranking to combinatorial optimization, opening a path toward other $O(1)$-decode mechanisms for real-time ranking.
Emil Laftchiev, Prachi Agrawal, Moe Kayali et al.
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Preprint
Aug 2026
This work presents a unified formulation of LLM routing as a sequential decision process characterized by five components: context encoders, model encoders, scoring functions, decision rules, and learning signals, covering single-turn, multi-turn, and personalized routing.
Tao Feng, Fangxu Yu, Haozhen Zhang et al.
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