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Zonghuan Ma

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Open access Aug 2026

Genome-Wide Identification of the Ca2+-ATPase Gene Family and Functional Analysis of MdACA39 in Resistance to Alternaria alternata in Malus domestica

The calcium ion-transporting ATPase (Ca2+-ATPase) gene family maintains plant intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis and regulates growth, development and stress immunity; however, its functions remain poorly characterized in Malus domestica. Here, we performed a genome-wide identification of apple Ca2+-ATPase genes and obtained 45 members, which were classified into MdACA (39) and MdECA (6) subfamilies and unevenly distributed on 14 chromosomes. Phylogenetic analysis of Ca2+-ATPase genes from Malus domestica, Arabidopsis thaliana, and Oryza sativa classified these proteins into five subgroups. The ACA and ECA subfamilies were highly conserved across species, whereas Group D was apple-specific. Collinearity and Ka/Ks analyses indicated that segmental duplication and purifying selection dominated the evolution of apple Ca2+-ATPase genes. Promoter cis-element prediction uncovered numerous regulatory elements related to phytohormone signaling, growth, development and stress defense. Codon usage bias analysis indicated that AUG (methionine) was the dominant codon. Tissue expression profiles showed differential expression of apple Ca2+-ATPase genes in various organs. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) assays demonstrated widespread responses of Ca2+-ATPase genes to Alternaria alternata infection, exogenous CaCl2, salicylic acid (SA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA), among which MdACA39 was strongly induced under all treatments. Subcellular localization verified that MdACA39 resides on the plasma membrane. Moreover, transient overexpression of MdACA39 significantly enhanced apple resistance to A. alternata, likely due to the activation of SA, MeJA and Ca2+ signaling-mediated immune pathways, the induction of disease resistance-related genes, and elevated antioxidant enzyme activity. Collectively, this study systematically characterizes the apple Ca2+-ATPase family and identifies MdACA39 as a key regulator of fungal resistance, providing valuable gene resources for dissecting Ca2+ signaling-mediated disease resistance in apple.

Yingjun Hou, Ming-Zhi Guan, Wenhui Wang et al. · 0 citations
Aug 2026

Jasmonate ZIM-domain protein 2 orchestrates ABA/JA signaling and flavonoid biosynthesis to suppress cold tolerance in grapevine.

Low temperature is a significant abiotic stressor that severely constrains grape cultivation and productivity. Jasmonate ZIM-domain (JAZ) proteins, which function as critical transcriptional repressors in the jasmonic acid signaling pathway, play essential roles in plant stress adaptation. Nevertheless, their specific functions and regulatory mechanisms in grape cold tolerance remain unclear. This work investigated the role and regulatory network of a cold-inducible VvJAZ2 gene by integrating physiological, molecular, and transcriptomic approaches. Functional analyses revealed that overexpression of VvJAZ2 compromised cold tolerance in Arabidopsis and grape calli, manifested as aggravated oxidative damage and compromised antioxidant capacity. Furthermore, transgenic materials exhibited decreased endogenous ABA and JA levels, reduced flavonoid accumulation, and downregulation of the ICE-CBF-COR regulatory module. Consistently, transcriptomic profiling further indicated that VvJAZ2 functions as a negative regulator by coordinating the suppression of ABA/JA signaling cascades, MAPK pathway activity, and flavonoid biosynthetic processes. Mechanistically, the transcription factor VvMSA (Abscisic acid-stress-ripening protein) was identified as an upstream activator that directly binds to the VvJAZ2 promoter and induces its expression under normal conditions; however, this activation is markedly attenuated during cold stress. Moreover, VvJAZ2 physically interacts with VvUGT74F5 (UDP-glycosyltransferase 74F5) implicated in flavonoid modification. Collectively, these findings suggest that VvJAZ2 may function as a potential regulatory node, and support a working model of a dynamic "transcription-protein interaction" module to coordinate hormone signaling and metabolic reprogramming under cold stress. This study provides novel insights into the molecular basis of cold adaptation in grapevine and identifies potential genetic targets for improving cold resilience in viticulture.

Miao Shao, Lili Che, Shixiong Lu et al. · 0 citations