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393 papers
AI foundation models pretrained on weather and climate data are increasingly fine-tuned to Earth science tasks well beyond weather forecasting. Their development and adoption are outpacing the scientific community's ability to evaluate them. These models are judged almost entirely by benchmark skill metrics, which meas...
Rapid and accurate prediction of urban wind and temperature fields is important for urban microclimate design and climate adaptation. Large-eddy simulation (LES) effectively resolves these instantaneous fields, but its application is limited in iterative design of urban microclimate applications due to high computation...
Assessing compound weather risks requires forecasts representing dependence between variables. CLARA (Calibrated Advection-Routing Attention) learns joint Gaussian predictive distributions of five surface variables from station observations alone, without numerical weather prediction or reanalysis; the approximately 28...
We introduce EC-EarthFlow, a generative flow matching model that emulates simulations from the physical climate model EC-Earth3. The model is trained on transient simulations from EC-Earth3 (1950-2166, SSP2-4.5) to predict the day ahead temperature field from the previous days temperature as well as annual mean tempera...
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Deep learning has made rapid advances in weather forecasting: autoregressive models trained on atmospheric reanalyses now rival dynamical models across nowcasting, medium-range, and subseasonal-to-seasonal lead times, producing well-calibrated ensemble forecasts at reduced cost. We review these advances and consider th...
Language-model agents are increasingly asked to carry out open-ended scientific research, yet their results are usually graded against a known answer, a rubric, or a language-model reviewer, none of which can tell whether a new scientific model is valid. The AI Science Exam for El Nino-Southern Oscillation (SciExam for...
AI weather models are often reported to underestimate extremes, but most evidence concerns deterministic regression models verified against reanalysis. We evaluate twelve physical and AI forecast models against ECMWF IFS using ten months of European station observations. The evaluation covers 10 m wind, 2 m temperature...
Despite substantial progress in short-to-medium-range weather forecasting, predicting high-impact events such as flash droughts remains a key challenge for both early warning operations and physically-based subseasonal-to-seasonal (S2S) prediction systems. Here we demonstrate that, for S2S soil-moisture forecasting ove...
We present ClimateBench v2, a standardized protocol for evaluating climate models on diagnostics expected to be informative for their skill in projecting mid-century regional temperature and precipitation changes. The protocol is designed to evaluate any physics-based, data-driven, or hybrid climate model on equal foot...
Accurate high-resolution wind field simulations are critical for resolving fine-scale atmospheric dynamics, yet the simulation of wind fields in Earth System Models (ESMs) remains limited by coarse spatial resolution and systematic biases. To address this, data-driven down scaling techniques have been widely used to en...
Accurate modeling of the daily evolution of sea ice concentration (SIC) is central to improving the credibility and operational forecasting capability of deep learning-based sea ice prediction. However, existing deep learning methods often couple the underlying sea ice evolution relationships and data errors within hig...
The SWOT (Surface Water Ocean Topography) mission is currently providing unpreceded high-resolution measurements of Sea Surface Height (SSH), revealing ocean features at finer scales. Nevertheless, the two-dimensional observations of KaRIn altimeter of SWOT suffer from instrumental errors. This noise degradation is alt...
General Science
We’re on a journey to advance and democratize artificial intelligence through open source and open science.
Accelerating the search for novel antimicrobial peptides using Google Antigravity for Science.
We’re on a journey to advance and democratize artificial intelligence through open source and open science.
We’re on a journey to advance and democratize artificial intelligence through open source and open science.
General Science
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