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Emergent order in technologies, living systems, and now learned machines is often a frozen accident: a system reliably organizes, but which organization forms is selected by history, not fixed by fundamentals. This is path dependence: an early lead under increasing returns locks in, as with QWERTY or VHS. Yet our measu...
Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) improves the factual usefulness of Large Language Models (LLMs) by grounding generation in external knowledge. When RAG is combined with autonomous agents, the system can plan multi-step tasks, retrieve information, and invoke external tools, but the additional autonomy also creates...
Can cosmic-ray muons detect hidden high-Z material in unknown cargo? A plain-language summary of a one-day computational study. Quantum Clarity LLC · September 2026 Repository: muon-tomography-lab The short version We built a computer simulation to test whether a particular statistical method could detect a block of de...
CAMEL investigates external residual memory for small language models intended for CPU execution. The main study uses a recurrent byte-level student with two compiled memories: an exact surface 4-gram memory and a learned latent residual memory. A 32-byte table selects between the two using support-count bins.On three...
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Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) improves the factual usefulness of Large Language Models (LLMs) by grounding generation in external knowledge. When RAG is combined with autonomous agents, the system can plan multi-step tasks, retrieve information, and invoke external tools, but the additional autonomy also creates...
CAMEL investigates external residual memory for small language models intended for CPU execution. The main study uses a recurrent byte-level student with two compiled memories: an exact surface 4-gram memory and a learned latent residual memory. A 32-byte table selects between the two using support-count bins.On three...
The conversation about artificial intelligence has narrowed to two competing bets about how human-level capability is built. The first, held by the major frontier labs, is that scaling neural networks produces general intelligence as an emergent property. The second, held by a smaller community in the cognitive-science...
Not that long ago, buying something from a mail-order catalog or an early online storefront was an exercise in pure patience. You submitted your order, crossed your fingers, and waited out the standard disclaimer: “Please allow four to six weeks for delivery.” During those weeks, your item existed in a logistical black...
Emergent order in technologies, living systems, and now learned machines is often a frozen accident: a system reliably organizes, but which organization forms is selected by history, not fixed by fundamentals. This is path dependence: an early lead under increasing returns locks in, as with QWERTY or VHS. Yet our measu...
Abstract Four papers of this programme — on metrics, reward models, constitutions, and schools — reached the same prohibition without noticing they agreed: a virtue detector must never enter the loop that acts on the measured. This paper states the object they were touching from four sides. An agent originates an act....
Lean-grounded benchmark tables of Horn premise traces against continuation-query tests, with raw runs of small language models and constructed recognizers, preregistered statistics, and the working draft of the paper.
# Supplementary Data Package This package contains this README and four supplementary workbooks needed to trace the study corpus, screening validation, reporting, and the evidence summarized in manuscript Tables 5 and 6. `Supplementary_Table_S1_Corpus_and_Search.xlsx` documents the evidence base used in the review. Its...
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