Aimpact-X: A Causally-Grounded Interpretable Multimodal Deep Learning Framework for Transparent Early Disease Detection Using Imaging, Clinical, And Genomic Data

Abstract

Recent developments in multimodal deep learning have brought great progress to early disease detection; yet, wide-scale implementation of such models in clinics is hindered by the inherently inscrutable reasoning of existing methods. Current frameworks often employ post-hoc explanations that are not cross-modal consistent and are unable to disambiguate between causality and correlation, compromising both clinician trust and patient safety. In order to resolve these key issues, we introduce IMPACT-X, a novel Causally-Grounded Interpretable Multimodal Deep Learning Framework. IMPACT-X fuses mul-tiple heterogeneous modalities—medical imaging with Vision Transformers, medical records with Tabular Transformers, and genetic sequences with Graph Neural Networks—into a single and interpretable model. Our framework includes a novel Causal Multimodal Fusion Layer (CMFL) which leverages cross-modal attention alignment in order to align the representation in a dynamic manner. Fur-thermore, an SCM module with DAG learning capabilities helps identify latent confounders and ensures the causally-consistent nature of the predictions. An uncertainty-aware decision-making layer estimates epistemic uncertainty through Monte Carlo Dropout in order to produce confidence scores. A unique cross-modal interpretability alignment loss function ensures coherent explanations across multiple modalities. The experimental results show that IMPACT-X achieves an SOTA performance with AUC-ROC score of 0.94, beating the best black-box baseline by 5.2%. Quantitative evaluation shows that IMPACT-X is 40% better in terms of faithfulness than traditional attention mechanism-based explanation approaches. A qualitative study with practicing medical professionals shows the benefits of causality-grounded predictions by increasing the level of physician trust in the system output. With its combination of high prediction accuracy and causal interpretability, IMPACT-X can pave the way for the development of a regulatory compliant and interpretable paradigm of medical AI that can safely be implemented in clinics, while enabling more accurate personalized medicine practices.Index Terms—Multimodal Deep Learning; Causal Inference; Interpretability; Early Disease Detection; Clinical Decision Sup-port; Genomic Integration