The Efficacy of Ginkgo Biloba and Fenugreek as Hepatoprotective Agents Against Carbon Tetrachloride-induced Liver Injury in Male Rats

Abstract

Background: Liver diseases represent a major global health burden and are associated with considerable morbidity and mortality worldwide. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄)-induced hepatotoxicity is a well-established experimental model commonly used to evaluate the hepatoprotective potential of natural products and therapeutic agents. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the hepatoprotective effects of Ginkgo biloba and Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) extracts, administered individually or in combination, against CCl₄-induced liver injury in male rats. Methods: Fifty adult male rats were randomly allocated into five experimental groups. Hepatic injury was induced using carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄). Treatment groups received Ginkgo biloba extract, fenugreek extract, or a combination of both. Serum biochemical markers including aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malondialdehyde (MDA), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were evaluated. Histopathological examination of liver tissues was performed using Masson's Trichrome staining. Results: Administration of CCl₄ resulted in significant elevation of AST, LDH, and MDA levels, accompanied by a significant reduction in SOD activity compared with the control group (P ≤ 0.05). Treatment with Ginkgo biloba and fenugreek extracts improved liver function biomarkers and oxidative stress parameters. Histopathological findings revealed marked restoration of hepatic architecture in treated groups, particularly in rats receiving the combined treatment. Conclusions: Ginkgo biloba and fenugreek extracts exhibited significant hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects against CCl₄-induced liver injury. Combined administration of both extracts provided greater protection than either treatment alone and may represent a promising natural therapeutic strategy for preventing hepatic damage.