Aug 2026· Experimental oncology· Vol 48 2, pp.
152-160
· 0 citations· 36 references
Medicine
TL;DR
Smoking exposure, occupational hazards, unhealthy indoor environments, and chronic pulmonary diseases are important determinants of lung cancer in North Sumatra and public health strategies focusing on tobacco control, improved workplace safety, and reduction of indoor air pollution may substantially reduce lung cancer burden.
Abstract
Background
Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide, with increasing incidence in many developing countries. Understanding region-specific risk factors is essential for effective prevention strategies. This study aimed to identify major determinants of lung cancer in North Sumatra, Indonesia.
Materials And Methods
A hospital-based observational study with a case-control analytical approach was conducted between August and November 2024 in three referral hospitals in North Sumatra. A total of 240 patients with histologically confirmed lung cancer and 240 controls without malignancy or chronic respiratory disease were included. Participants were comparable by sex and residential area, while age differences between groups were statistically adjusted in the multivariate regression model.
Results
Smoking exposure differed significantly between cases and controls (p = 0.023). The multivariate analysis identified several independent predictors of lung cancer. Age <45 years increased the risk more than two-fold (OR 2.62; 95% CI 1.10-6.21), whereas age >65 years showed a lower relative risk (OR 0.54; 95% CI 0.33-0.88). The occupational exposure signicantly increased lung cancer risk (OR 1.91; 95% CI 1.13-3.25). Unhealthy indoor environments, characterized by poor ventilation and household pollutant exposure, were also associated with an increased risk (OR 2.53; 95% CI 1.45-4.40). Chronic respiratory diseases, particularly tuberculosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, were more prevalent among cases and contributed to the elevated risk.
Conclusions
Smoking exposure, occupational hazards, unhealthy indoor environments, and chronic pulmonary diseases are important determinants of lung cancer in North Sumatra. Public health strategies focusing on tobacco control, improved workplace safety, and reduction of indoor air pollution may substantially reduce lung cancer burden in this region.
BackgroundSmoking is a known carcinogen and its relationship with the development of thyroid cancer (TC) is not well established and prior evidence shows a possible protective relationship. We aim to evaluate the impact of smoking on the development of TC.MethodsThis is a retrospective cohort study of adult patients who were diagnosed with a thyroid nodule(s) between 2005 and 2025. Cohorts were developed based on smoking status. Patients with the diagnosis of multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome or who had known TC were excluded. Propensity score matching (PSM) was performed. The primary outcome was diagnosis of TC. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Cohorts were then divided into subgroups based on sex and racial groups with the same analysis.ResultsThere were 404,811 individuals identified who were smokers and had thyroid nodules. Average age was 60 +/- 15 years, with 69% of the cohort being female and 70% white. TC developed in 3.4% of smokers with nodules compared to 1.2% of nonsmokers (HR = 2.60). Subgroup analysis revealed an increased risk across all sex and racial groups. Female smokers had a HR than males at 2.62. Across racial groups, Black patients had the highest HR at 2.91. All groups had confidence intervals that did not cross one.DiscussionIn this retrospective cohort study, smoking was significantly associated with an increased risk of developing TC. There was an increased risk of developing TC in all groups, and Black patients had the highest HR highlighting an area that warrants further investigation.
Rachael Caretti, Raj Roy, H. Arain et al.· The American surgeon· 0 citations
Colorectal cancer is a major public health concern in Asia, with a rapidly increasing incidence in Indonesia. This study aimed to examine the association between nutritional status and modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors with colorectal cancer incidence at Dharmais Cancer Hospital, Indonesia. A hospital-based case–control study was conducted, which involved 74 participants, consisting of 37 colorectal cancer patients (cases) and 37 non-cancer controls. Data were collected between February and April 2025 through structured interviews, validated questionnaires, and medical record reviews. Bivariate analysis using chi-square tests and logistic regression identified significant differences between cases and controls in age, smoking status, coffee consumption, and physical activity (p<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that age ≥50 years was strongly associated with colorectal cancer risk (OR=8.255; 95% CI: 2.240–30.422), as was low physical activity (OR=4.122; 95% CI: 1.182–14.373). Coffee consumption showed a significant association with colorectal cancer, where consumption of 2–3 cups/day was inversely associated with risk (OR=0.054; 95% CI: 0.005–0.566), while lower levels of consumption (<1 cup/day) were associated with increased risk (OR=1.891; 95% CI: 0.280–12.771). These findings highlight the importance of promoting healthy lifestyle behaviors and nutritional management as part of colorectal cancer prevention strategies in Indonesia.
Resa Ana Dina, Windy Prasella· BIO Web of Conferences· 0 citations
It is recommended that patients with lung cancer undergo screening to assess their cardiovascular risk and related complications and it is recommended that patients with lung cancer undergo screening to assess their cardiovascular risk and related complications.
M. Mamedov, P. Skopin, A. K. Karimov· Russian Journal of Preventiv...· 0 citations
BACKGROUND
Obesity and diabetes are risk factors for cancer at many organ sites. However, their associations with lung cancer remain inconclusive. This study aims to explore the role of diabetes and its interaction patterns with risk factors for lung cancer among the general population.
METHODS
A territory-wide retrospective cohort study was conducted using electronic health records of Hong Kong. Patients who utilized public healthcare services between 1997 and 2021 without cancer history were identified. Patients were followed up until December 31st, 2021. The role of diabetes and its interaction patterns with risk factors for lung cancer were examined using conditional inference survival tree.
RESULTS
Of the 191,999 patients included, 2303 patients developed lung cancer during a median follow-up of 6.25 years. Ever smoking, older age, lower LDL cholesterol, the presence of diabetes, and tuberculosis status exhibited an interaction pattern on the risk of lung cancer. Among old ever smokers aged 60 years above characterized by low lipids, the co-occurrence of diabetes and tuberculosis emerged as a key risk factor. In post-hoc analyses, diabetes exhibited interactions with age and lipid profile in ever smokers as well as age alone in never smokers among statin users, but not for statin non-users.
CONCLUSIONS
The co-occurrence of diabetes and tuberculosis may simultaneously influence the risk of lung cancer, potentially through altered lipid metabolism. It is possible that the opposite characteristics of lipid profile associated with diabetes and tuberculosis may add complexity to the observed association between diabetes and lung cancer. These epidemiological observations may warrant further investigation to validate the findings and future experimental research to elucidate underlying mechanisms.
S. T. Yau, C. Hung, Eman Yee-man Leung et al.· Cancer Epidemiology· 0 citations
Lung cancer in never-smoking women is a growing global public health concern. Never-smokers account for approximately 25% of all lung cancer cases worldwide, with age-standardised incidence rates higher in never-smoking women than men. Household secondhand smoke (SHS) is a major preventable environmental risk factor, and chronic exposure is consistently associated with a 20-30% increase in lung cancer risk. The risk of lung cancer among never-smoking women related to SHS is multifactorial: carcinogen-induced DNA damage and oxidative stress, genetic susceptibility amplified by polygenic risk scores, reproductive and hormonal modifiers, co-exposure to indoor air pollutants from solid‑fuel combustion, as well as regional and sociodemographic disparities. The risk is greatest in countries with a high prevalence of male smoking, poor indoor ventilation, and limited enforcement of smoke-free policies, particularly in East and South Asia. Through a narrative review of 21 studies published before March 2026, the biological and epidemiological basis for SHS-associated lung cancer in never-smoking women is examined. The results call for urgent public health measures (smoke-free home policies, indoor air pollution control) and long-term studies, multifactorial risk modelling, and evaluating interventions to reduce the global SHS-attributable lung cancer burden in this population.
A. Choker· International Journal of Env...· 0 citations
Background Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, with significant regional and sex differences in incidence and mortality. Although age-standardized rates are commonly used for comparisons, they do not reflect the cumulative lifetime risk, which is important for understanding the full burden of the disease because it captures the probability of an individual developing or dying from lung cancer over their lifetime. Methods This study estimates global lifetime risk of incidence (LRI) and lifetime risk of mortality (LRM) using GLOBOCAN 2022 data and the adjusted for multiple primaries method. Socioeconomic indicators (Human Development Index, national income) came from the UN Development Programme and World Bank; air pollutant exposures from global environmental databases; and smoking-related indicators from the WHO Global Health Observatory. Associations between LRI/LRM and these factors were then explored. Results In 2022, global LRI was 4.91%, and LRM was 4.07%. Regionally, North America exhibited the highest LRI (7.30%) and LRM (5.38%), while Africa had the lowest (LRI: 0.99%, LRM: 0.93%). Globally and across all continents, lifetime risks were significantly higher in males than in females. Regression analysis revealed that smoking prevalence was positively associated with both LRI (β = 0.001, P < 0.001) and LRM (β = 0.0002, P < 0.01). Exposure to PM1 was strongly linked to higher LRI (β = 0.40, P = 0.001) and LRM (β = 0.20, P = 0.006); PM2.5 showed similar associations (LRI: β = 0.36, P = 0.002; LRM: β = 0.18, P = 0.015). The strongest associations were observed for fine particles (PM1 and PM2.5). Furthermore, higher national socioeconomic development was positively correlated with increased LRI and LRM. Conclusion These findings suggest that socioeconomic and environmental factors may be associated with regional disparities in lung cancer burden. This evidence could offer insights for targeted prevention policies, including smoking control and air quality management.
Jiawei Zhai, Huijuan Zheng, Lan-Gang Xue· Frontiers in Public Health· 0 citations